This issue of reproductive medicine news presents current research and data from reviews and meta-analyses on the study and innovative methods of treating diseases of the reproductive system, presented in leading international periodicals.

The present article contains the newest ant the most actual version of clinical recommendations “Gestational diabetes mellitus” of the Russian Ministry of Health. This document has been confirmed for the period from 2024 until 2026 year. Gestational diabetes mellitus is widely known as onset of hyperglycaemia during pregnancy that does not responds to criteria of manifesting diabetes mellitus (DM). The time of next revision is 2026 year or earlier if new evidentiary material appear. The present version of clinical recommendation has been created due to collaboration between Russian Association of Endocrinologists and Russian Society of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. The document is finally approved by scientific and practical Council of the Russian Ministry of Health.

Anemia is the most common health problem, especially among women. Iron deficiency affects approximately 4 billion people on the planet (more than 60% of the world’s population), and iron-deficiency anemia is diagnosed in almost 2 billion people. Regardless of age, the most common causes of decreased hemoglobin are iron and folate deficiency. The systemic effects of anemia of any etiology can lead to a significant deterioration in the quality of life of patients. The etiology of each deficiency condition may differ at different periods of a woman’s life, but for women of reproductive age, the significance of the clinical consequences of anemia is greatest, since the adverse effects of deficiency not only affect their body, but can also affect pregnancy outcomes and the health of newborns. Iron deficiency is one of the comorbidities in obese patients, which allows us to distinguish a special phenotype («iron deficiency») of obesity. There is convincing evidence of a pathogenetic link between iron deficiency and the presence of systemic inflammation associated with obesity. In order to prevent and correct deficiency conditions in women of reproductive age, treatment regimens using iron, folic acid, B12 or their combinations have been developed and introduced into practice.

Gynecomastia is a benign enlargement of the breast glands in men that can be physiologic, pathologic, or idiopathic. Physiologic gynecomastia can occur in children and during puberty. Pathologic gynecomastia is associated with various endocrine, genetic disorders, systemic diseases, paraneoplastic processes, or may be iatrogenic. Common causes of pathologic gynecomastia are hypogonadism, testicular or adrenal tumors producing estrogens, androgen excess syndromes with aromatization, androgen deficiencies, hepatopathy, and nephropathy. Most commonly, the underlying cause of gynecomastia is an  imbalance between estrogens and androgens. It is known that the treatment of syndromes causing gynecomastia depends on the etiology and pathogenesis, but gynecomastia itself is eliminated, as a rule, surgically. The use of drug therapy for gynecomastia is debated. It would probably be appropriate in cases of gynecomastia due to an imbalance between estrogens and androgens, given the initial stage of gynecomastia development. The main candidates for drug treatment of gynecomastia are anti-estrogens and aromatase inhibitors. These aspects are discussed in the review.